Specialmente se si tratta di diritto internazionale ed europea, mi occupo anche di diritto di famiglia, in team con gli avvocati del mio studio legale.
E’ noto che da qualche anno in Italia non è indispensabile rivolgersi al Tribunale per divorziare, dato che è possibile farlo con accordi di mediazione assistita, nella quale intervengono gli avvocati oppure direttamente davanti all’ufficio dello stato civile. All’interno dell’Unione Europea sono ormai frequenti i matrimoni tra coniugi di diversa nazionalità e c’è interesse quindi che essi vengano regolati in modo omogeneo in tutta l’Unione.
E’ successo che due persone di nazionalità italiana e tedesca si sono sposati in Germania e dopo qualche anno hanno deciso di divorziare in Italia, proprio con la modalità semplificata del divorzio extra giudiziale davanti all’ufficiale dello stato civile italiano. Successivamente però gli uffici municipali tedeschi si sono rifiutati di trascrivere il divorzio in Germania, perché secondo loro doveva essere confermato da un Tribunale tedesco.
Lo scorso 15 novembre 2022 è intervenuta la Corte di giustizia dell’Unione europea, la quale ha affermato che un atto di divorzio redatto da un ufficiale dello stato civile dello Stato membro d’origine, contenente un accordo di divorzio concluso dai coniugi e confermato da questi ultimi dinanzi a detto ufficiale, in conformità alle condizioni previste dalla normativa di tale Stato membro, rappresenta una «decisione» valida anche per lo stato tedesco. Ciò perché “l’ufficiale dello stato civile italiano è competente a pronunciare il divorzio in modo giuridicamente vincolante, registrando per iscritto l'accordo di divorzio redatto dai coniugi dopo aver effettuato un esame.”
Per consultare l’intero documento puoi cliccare qui: https://www.cortedicassazione.it/cassazione-resources/resources/cms/documents/Cgue_646_20-2022.pdf
Si stratta di un importante decisione, che anche in materia di divorzio, consentirà una più facile attuazione della volontà delle persone che vogliono separarsi nonché l’applicazione di regole uguali in tutta l’Unione Europea.
Especially when it comes to international and European law, I also deal with family law, in team with the lawyers in my law firm.
It is well known that for some years now in Italy it is not imperative to go to court to get divorced, as it is possible to do so by means of assisted mediation agreements, in which lawyers intervene, or directly before the civil register office. Marriages between spouses of different nationalities are now frequent within the European Union and there is therefore an interest in them being regulated uniformly throughout the Union.
It happened that two people of Italian and German nationality married in Germany and after a few years decided to divorce in Italy, precisely by the simplified mode of extra-judicial divorce before the civil register office. Subsequently, however, the German municipal offices refused to record the divorce in Germany because, according to them, it had to be confirmed by a German court.
On 15 November 2022, the Court of Justice of the European Union intervened, stating that a divorce decree drawn up by a civil register office of the Member State of origin, containing a divorce agreement concluded by the spouses and confirmed by them before that registrar, in accordance with the conditions laid down by the law of that Member State, is a 'decision' that is also valid for the German state. This is because "the Italian civil register office is competent to pronounce the divorce in a legally binding manner by recording in writing the divorce agreement drawn up by the spouses after carrying out an examination."
For the whole document, please click here: https://www.cortedicassazione.it/cassazione-resources/resources/cms/documents/Cgue_646_20-2022.pdf
An important decision, which, also in divorce matters, will make it easier to implement the will of persons wishing to divorce as well as to apply the same rules throughout the European Union
Text messages, whatsapp voicemails and written messages, as well as those from various other social networks are recorded on our mobile phones. The same mobile phones - like personal computers or other devices - can effortlessly be used to make recordings of phone calls, video calls or meetings.
In my work, I am frequently asked the question whether doing so is lawful and whether it can count as evidence.
The answer is unfortunately not unequivocal, both because the legislation has not been updated to take these new tools into account and because the courts give different decisions in different cases. It is really difficult to get one's bearings.
In an ongoing civil trial, I was able to use as evidence the whatsapp messages exchanged by my client with the opposing party, because the opposing lawyer did not dispute them in time.
The Criminal Court of Cassation, however, in a recent judgment, confirming previous rulings, established that "...whatsApp messages and text messages stored in the memory of a mobile phone are in the nature of documents within the meaning of Article 234 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, and their acquisition by mere photographic reproduction is legitimate...".
Despite this, many judges, applying other rules, say that each judge can freely evaluate them.
Not to mention the privacy aspects. Because recording a conversation - especially relating to a work or business relationship - may also be considered valid evidence by the judge in a trial, but it could still constitute a violation of the GDPR and thus expose whoever makes the recording to significant fines. On this point, the Italian Privacy Authority would be inclined to allow it, but judges often think otherwise.
In conclusion, anyone who intentionally or social messaging captures audio or photographic messages, in any format, should ask their lawyer for an opinion on the individual case in order to make the best use of it.
Nei nostri cellulari rimangano registrati i messaggi sms, i messaggi vocali e scritti whatsapp e quelli di diversi altri social network. Gli stessi cellulari – come i personal computer o altri apparecchi - possono essere utilizzati senza fatica per effettuare registrazioni di telefonate, videochiamate o incontri.
Nel mio lavoro mi viene fatta frequentemente la domanda se farlo è lecito e se possa valere come mezzo di prova.
La risposta non è purtroppo univoca, sia perché la normativa non è stata aggiornata tenendo conto di questi nuovi strumenti, sia perché i Tribunali danno decisioni diverse a seconda dei casi. È davvero difficile orientarsi.
In un processo civile in corso sono riuscito a utilizzare come mezzo di prova i messaggi whatsapp scambiati dal mio cliente con la parte opposta, perché l’avvocato avversario non li ha contestati tempestivamente.
La Cassazione Penale comunque in una recente sentenza, confermando precedenti sentenze ha stabilito che “…i messaggi “whatsApp” e gli sms conservati nella memoria di un telefono cellulare hanno natura di documenti ai sensi dell’art. 234 c.p.p., ed è legittima la loro acquisizione mediante mera riproduzione fotografica...”
Nonostante ciò molti giudici, applicando altre norme, dicono che lo stesso giudice può liberamente valutarli.
Per non parlare poi degli aspetti di privacy. Perché registrare una conversazione – specialmente relativa a un rapporto di lavoro o commerciale - può anche essere ritenuta prova valida dal giudice in un processo, ma potrebbe sempre costituire una violazione del GDPR ed esporre quindi chi fa la registrazione a sanzioni pecuniarie rilevanti. Su questo punto il Garante Privacy sarebbe incline a consentirle, ma spesso in giudici la pensano diversamente.
In conclusione chiunque, intenzionalmente o con applicazioni di messaggistica acquisisca messaggi audio o fotografici, in qualsivoglia formato, deve chiedere al proprio avvocato un parere sul singolo caso, per averne poi il miglior utilizzo.
In Italia come anche nel resto della unione europea è in vigore sin dal 2019 il GDPR, ovvero il regolamento europea sulla tutela dei dati personali.
I dati personali di ognuno di noi devono essere trattati da chi li raccoglie in modo legale, rimanendo a ognuno di noi tutta una serie di diritti sui nostri dati.
Anche tutti coloro che dispongono di un sito web, ovvero moltissime aziende e operatori economici, sia pubblici che privati, devono rispettare il GDPR.
Quasi tutti quelli che hanno un sito web hanno usato per molto tempo Google Analytics, cioè un servizio di google che raccoglie tutti i dati sull’uso di internet per elaborare algoritmi e dare altre informazioni utili alle aziende, ma anche per tenersele! Ecco perché se cerchi su internet “brioche”, ti compaiono poco dopo le pubblicità delle pasticcerie vicino a che.
Dato che Google Analytics 3, come anche altri servizi simili, trasmette i dati raccolti al di fuori dell’Unione Europea e in tal modo, si sottrae al rispetto del GDPR, perché non vengono garantiti livelli adeguati di sicurezza della privacy.
E’ intervenuta la Corte di Giustizia Europea ma soprattutto il Garante Privacy italiano con la decisione del 9 giugno 2022 numero 224. Come anche in altri paesi europei, è stato dato un termine massimo di 90 giorni ai titolari di siti web per cessare l’utilizzo di Google Analytics 3 o di altri software che trasmettano i dati raccolti su dei server collocati al di fuori della Unione Europea (nello specifico negli USA) e trovare delle soluzioni tecniche alternative.
Il Garante Privacy ha preannunciato doverosi controlli; chi ancora utilizzasse questo software rischia sanzioni molto pesanti. Non tutti prestano la necessaria attenzione a queste notizie, ma è davvero importante adeguarsi.
Invito tutte le aziende e i titolari di un sito web a verificare la loro situazione, anche in particolare le informative sui cookies , che spesso riferiscono che il titolare del trattamento utilizza Google Analytics3 o servizi simili.
Website and privacy: is your website legally compliant?
In Italy as well as in the rest of the European Union, GDPR, the European Data Protection Regulation, has been in force since 2019.
Everyone's personal data must be processed by those who collect it in a legal manner, and everyone has a number of rights over his or her data.
Everyone with a website, i.e. many companies and businesses, both public and private, must also comply with the GDPR.
Almost everyone who has a website has been using Google Analytics for a long time, i.e. a Google service that collects all the data on internet use to process algorithms and give other useful information to companies, but also to keep it! That's why if you search on the internet for 'brioche', advertisements for bakeries near that appear shortly afterwards.
Since Google Analytics 3, as well as other similar services, transmits the collected data outside the European Union, it eludes GDPR compliance, because adequate levels of privacy security are not guaranteed.
The European Court of Justice has intervened, but above all the Italian Garante Privacy with its decision of 9 June 2022 number 224. As in other European countries, a maximum term of 90 days was given to website owners to discontinue the use of Google Analytics 3 or other software which transmits data collected on servers located outside the European Union (specifically in the USA) and find alternative technical solutions.
The Privacy Guarantee Authority has announced that it will carry out checks; anyone still using this software risks heavy penalties. Not everyone pays the necessary attention to this news, but it is really important to adapt.
Therefore, I urge all companies and website owners to check their situation, including in particular the information on cookies, which often states that the data holder uses Google Analytics3 or similar services.
The best-known application of 'blockchain' technology, which many are now beginning to understand, is notoriously 'bitcoin'. Even with other virtual currencies, it has fluctuating values, but continues to be popular as a payment and financial instrument. Worldwide and also in Italy, case law is constantly dealing with it; the Italian Court of Cassation has recently ruled that anyone who buys bitcoins with financial means of illicit origin commits the crime of self-money laundering. This confirms once again that bitcoin can be considered a financial and speculative instrument and that as such, it can be considered a technically suitable instrument for the commission of the aforementioned crime. All the more so because it allows transactions to be largely anonymous and therefore it is very carefully monitored. For this reason, those who purchase bitcoins must always take care to keep documentation to prove the legitimacy of the funds used. And what about 'NFTs' or non-fungible tokens? They are another practical use of the blockchain technology itself. First and foremost, they are used to make the 'originals' of digital works of art recognisable and marketable, with interestingly different uses, depending on whether they are linked to a tangible work of art or not. But also, in the field of fashion, for example, they are progressively being used in a manner accessible to any consumer, to ascertain the uniqueness and/or belonging to a limited series and/or in any case the authenticity of a specific material product. These and many others are the possible uses, that are gradually becoming more widespread, so it is important for everyone to understand at least the elementary rudiments of this technological tool. update October 2022
This is a subject that was much talked about with Legislative Decree No. 14 of 2019, i.e. the new Code of Business Crisis and Insolvency, at the time of the introduction of the relevant law, which only partially came into force in the same year.
But now there is something new.
As of 15 July 2022, company directors are obliged to equip themselves with tools to prevent and resolve any signs of danger to the company's continuity, in essence to prevent a possible business crisis.
Already since 2019, the new Article 2086 of the Civil Code provided that 'the entrepreneur has the duty to set up an organisational, administrative and accounting structure appropriate to the nature and size of the business, also with a view to the timely detection of the crisis of the business and the loss of business continuity, as well as to take action without delay for the adoption and implementation of one of the instruments provided by the law for overcoming the crisis and the recovery of business continuity'.
Since 15 July, these instruments must objectively achieve specific results and in particular
- ascertain any imbalances of a financial or economic nature;
- verify the sustainability of debts and the prospects of business continuity for at least the next 12 months ;
- obtain the information needed for the check list on the possible pursuit of reorganisation, provided for by the same law.
Specifically, short-term payroll and social security debts, debts to suppliers and to banks and other financial intermediaries, and finally tax debts must be constantly monitored.
The consequence of the entrepreneur's non-performance is an increase in his liability, but above all the loss of the exclusion of his liability in the case of an LLC or joint-stock company.
Those who had taken action in 2019 must therefore now supplement the work done; those who have not yet done so, must equip themselves as soon as possible with these organisational and compliance tools.
